Leader: Vladimir I. Muronets
In 1965, the department was organized by an outstanding Russian biochemist, a brilliant teacher and an organizer of the domestic science, Sergei E. Severin. He was a member of USSR Academy of Sciences and USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, a member of several foreign academies, the president of the All-Union biochemical society, the editor-in-chief of Biochemistry (Moscow) journal, and the head of the chair of biochemistry of Moscow State University biological faculty. Sergey E. Severin headed the department from 1965 to 1988. During the next years (1988-1996), the department was headed by Prof. German A. Kochetov. Since 1996, the department has been headed by senior researcher, Prof. Vladimir I. Muronetz.
Research areas
- Amyloid-like aggregation and its prevention by chaperones (Prof. Vladimir I. Muronetz)
- Impact of homocysteinylation on the aggregation of intrinsically disordered proteins (Prof. Vladimir I. Muronetz)
- Structure, enzymatic mechanism and regulation of thiamin diphosphate enzymes (Prof. German A.Kochetov)
- Structure and properties of human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (Elena V. Schmalhausen, PhD)
- Role of energy metabolism in regulation of sperm motility (Elena V. Schmalhausen, PhD)
- Expression of sperm-specific proteins in tumour cells (Irina A. Sevostyanova, PhD)
- Investigation of transketolases from normal tissues and tumors (Ludmila E. Meshalkina, PhD)
Research results
Research results are pointed over the last 10 years: since 2002 till 2012.
Protein aggregation and amyloid conversion
Isoenzymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Transketolase: enzymatic mechanism and expression in cancer cells
Grants and Projects
Since 2007, we have participated in the international project “Regulation and Evolution of Cellular Systems”(RECESS, http://www.cellular-systems.de) in cooperation with Technical University Munich (Germany) and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Germany). From 1996 to 2011, the scientific joint program was carried out in collaboration with the laboratory of enzymology of Nancy University (France) and the laboratory of National Institute for Agronomical Research of Nantes headed by Prof. Toma Haertlé (France). We also collaborate with Chair of pharmacology of Rome University (Italy, project coordinator Prof. Luciano Saso), as well as with some other laboratories in France, Sweden, Belorussia, and Russia. Our studies are supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Researches, INTAS and NATO grants.
Prizes
International
- Landau Network-Centro Volta fellowship for full professors and scientists of world-wide renown from the Russian Federation (Vladimir I. Muronetz)
- Pays de la Loire fellowship for foreign scientists (Vladimir I. Muronetz)
- Young scientist awards of European Academy of Science (Elena V. Schmalhausen, Marina V. Kovina)
Russian
- Lenin’s award (Sergey Е. Severin)
- Government awards (Natalia K. Nagardova, German А. Kochetov)
- President’s award for outstanding scientists (Vladimir I. Muronetz)
- The 1st award of Ministry of Institutes of Higher Education of USSR for the best scientific work (German А. Kochetov)
- O.V. Deripaska’s grants for students and young scientists of Moscow State University (Irina N. Naletova, Elena V. Schmalhausen, Mikhail L. Kuravsky)
- Scholarships for young scientists and teachers of Moscow State University (Irina N. Naletova, Mikhail L. Kuravsky, Yulia Y. Stroylova)
- Young scientist awards of A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology in memoriam of A.D. Kaulen (Irina A. Sevostyanova, Olga N. Ivinova, Yulia Y. Stroylova, Mikhail L. Kuravsky)
Educational activities
Information for 2012 year.
Our department is involved in a number of teaching activities at Moscow State University. Professor Vladimir I. Muronetz gives lecture courses “Protein Engineering” for the 4th year students of Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, as well as “Immobilization in biochemistry” for the 4th year students of Biological Faculty (Chair of Biochemistry). Irina A. Sevostyanova, Ludmila E. Meshalkina and Mikhail L. Kuravsky give biochemistry wet lab courses for the 3th and 4th year students of Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics.
We also supervise PhD and master degree theses of students from Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics. By now, 3 students work in our department, Mikhail L. Kuravsky, Alexandra S. Marakhovskaya and Evgenia D. Zotova. Since 2005, 5 PhD theses have been successfully defended under our supervision.
Articles
- Muronets Vladimir I., Kudryavtseva Sofiya S., Kurochkina Lidia P., Leisi Evgeniia V., Stroylova Yulia Yu, Schmalhausen Elena V.(2025) Factors Affecting Pathological Amyloid Protein Transformation: From Post-Translational Modifications to Chaperones. Biochemistry (Moscow), >>
- Salehi Atefeh, Bahrami Zahra, Shahsavani Mohammad Bagher, Somee Leila Rezaei, Stroylova Yulia Y., Zarei Issa, Amanlou Massoud, Hemmati Mahdi, Muronetz Vladimir I., Saboury Ali Akbar, Moosavi-Movahedi Ali Akbar, Yousefi Reza(2025) Structural characterization and functional analysis of human αB-crystallin with the p.R11G mutation: Insights into cataractogenesis and cardiomyopathy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, >>
- Ghaffari Ahmad Reza, Mirzaei Zahra, Shahsavani Mohammad Bagher, Somee Leila Rezaei, Stroylova Yulia Y., Barinova Ksenia V., Amanlou Massoud, Muronetz Vladimir I., Mehran Habibi-Rezaei, Saboury Ali Akbar, Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi, Yousefi Reza(2025) The p.K90N Mutation in Human HSPB5 Highlights the Critical Role of Lysine 90 in Chaperone Function and Structural Integrity. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, >>
- Муронец В.И., Кудрявцева С.С., Курочкина Л.П., Лейси Е.В., Стройлова Ю.Ю., Шмальгаузен Е.В.(2025) Факторы, влияющие на патологическую трансформацию амилоидных белков: от посттрансляционнных модификаций до шаперонов. Успехи биологической химии, >>
- Pozdyshev Denis V., Leisi Evgeniia V., Muronetz Vladimir I., Golyshev Sergei A., Kurochkina Lidia P.(2025) Cytotoxicity of α-synuclein amyloid fibrils generated with phage chaperonin OBP. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, >>
- Troshin Konstantin, Sykilinda Nina, Shuraleva Sofia, Tokmakova Anna, Tkachenko Nikolay, Kurochkina Lidia, Miroshnikov Konstantin, Suzina Natalia, Brzhozovskaya Ekaterina, Petrova Kristina, Toshchakov Stepan, Evseev Peter(2025) Pseudomonas Phage Lydia and the Evolution of the Mesyanzhinovviridae Family. Viruses-Basel, >>
- Leisi Evgeniia V., Zyurkalova Darya V., Dzhus Uliana F., Nikulin Alexey D., Golyshev Sergei A., Muronetz Vladimir I., Kurochkina Lidia P.(2025) Interaction of phage chaperonin OBP domains with amyloidogenic proteins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, >>
- Efimova A.A., Abramova T.A., Yatsenko I.V., Kazantsev A.V., Pozdyshev D.V., Lukashev N.V., Muronets V.I., Yaroslavov A.A.(2025) pH-Sensitive Multiliposomal Containers for Encapsulation and Rapid Release of Bioactive Substances. Molecules, >>
- Kolesova Yuliya S., Stroylova Yulia Y., Maleeva Ekaterina E., Moysenovich Anastasia M., Pozdyshev Denis V., Muronetz Vladimir I., Andreev Yaroslav A.(2024) Modulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 Channels Function by Sea Anemones’ Peptides Enhances the Viability of SH-SY5Y Cell Model of Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, >>
- Medvedeva Maria V., Serebryakova Marina V., Matyushenko Alexander M., Nefedova Victoria V., Muronetz Vladimir I., Schmalhausen Elena V.(2024) Binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to G-actin promotes the transnitrosylation reaction. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, >>
- Schmalhausen E.V., Medvedeva M.V., Muronetz V.I.(2024) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, >>
- Муронец В.И., Медведева М.В., Шмальгаузен Е.В.(2024) ПОСТТРАНСЛЯЦИОННЫЕ МОДИФИКАЦИИ СУЛЬФГИДРИЛЬНОЙ ГРУППЫ ЦИСТЕИНОВОГО ОСТАТКА ГЛИЦЕРАЛЬДЕГИД-3-ФОСФАТДЕГИДРОГЕНАЗЫ. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 2: Химия, >>
- Kurochkina Lidia, Pozdyshev Denis, Kusaykin Mikhail, Barinova Ksenia, Ermakova Svetlana, Semenyuk Pavel(2024) Sulfated polysaccharides accelerate gliadin digestion and reduce its toxicity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, >>
- Spiridonov Vasily, Lukmanova Alina, Pozdyshev Denis, Antonova Yulia, Kusaja Viktorija, Muronetz Vladimir, Yaroslavov Alexander(2024) Enzyme-induced degradation of natural and artificial linear polyanions. Carbohydrate Research, >>
- Граф А.В., Артюхов А.В., Соловьева О.Н., Ксенофонтов А.Л., Буник В.И.(2024) Совместное введение крысам метформина и ампролиума влияет на метаболизм свободных аминокислот в мозге, изменяя поведение и частоту сердечных сокращений. Биохимия, >>
- Graf Anastasia V., Artiukhov Artem V., Solovjeva Olga N., Ksenofontov Alexander L., Bunik Victoria I.(2024) Combined Administration of Metformin and Amprolium to Rats Affects Metabolism of Free Amino Acids in the Brain, Altering Behavior, and Heart Rate. Biochemistry (Moscow), >>
- Артюхов А.В., Соловьева О.Н., Балашова Н.В., Сидорова О.П., Граф А.В., Буник В.И.(2024) Фармакологические дозы тиамина улучшают состояние пациентов с невропатией Шарко-Мари-Тута, изменяя уровень тиаминдифосфата и регуляцию зависимых от него ферментов. Биохимия, >>
- Artiukhov Artem V., Solovjeva Olga N., Balashova Natalia V., Sidorova Olga P., Graf Anastasia V., Bunik Victoria I.(2024) Pharmacological Doses of Thiamine Benefit Patients with the Charcot–Marie–Tooth Neuropathy by Changing Thiamine Diphosphate Levels and Affecting Regulation of Thiamine-Dependent Enzymes. Biochemistry (Moscow), >>
- Konstantinova Anastasia, Stroylov Victor, Pozdyshev Denis, Sova Matej, Akbar Saboury Ali, Muronetz Vladimir, Stroylova Yulia(2023) Substituted cinnamides: Characterization of non-toxic inhibitors of alpha-synuclein aggregation. Mendeleev Communications, >>
- Stroylova Yulia, Konstantinova Anastasiia, Stroylov Victor, Katrukha Ivan, Rozov Fedor, Muronetz Vladimir(2023) Does the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Hamper the Amyloid Transformation of Alpha-Synuclein after All?. BIOMEDICINES, >>
- Barinova K.V., Serebryakova M.V., Melnikova A.K., Medvedeva M.V., Muronetz V.I., Schmalhausen E.V.(2023) Mechanism of inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the presence of methylglyoxal. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, >>
- Medvedeva M.V., Kleimenov S.Yu, Samygina V.R., Muronetz V.I., Schmalhausen E.V.(2023) S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation of GAPDH: Similarities, differences, and relationships. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, >>
- Muronetz Vladimir I., Kurochkina Lidia P., Leisi Evgeniia V., Kudryavtseva Sofia S.(2023) Are gastrointestinal microorganisms involved in the onset and development of amyloid neurodegenerative diseases?. Microbiology research, >>
- Станишнева-Коновалова Т.Б., Пичкур Е.Б., Кудрявцева С.С., Ярошевич И.А., Семенов А.Н., Максимов Е.Г., Моисеенко А.В., Волох О.И., Муронец В.И.(2023) Структура бычьего шаперонина TRiC/CCT в открытой конформации по данным криоэлектронной микроскопии. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 16: Биология, >>
- Leisi Evgeniia V., Moiseenko Andrey V., Kudryavtseva Sofia S., Pozdyshev Denis V., Muronetz Vladimir I., Kurochkina Lidia P.(2023) Bacteriophage-encoded chaperonins stimulate prion protein fibrillation in an ATP-dependent manner. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics, >>
- Spiridonov Vasily, Zoirova Zukhra, Alyokhina Yuliya, Perov Nikolai, Afanasov Mikhail, Pozdyshev Denis, Krjukova Daria, Knotko Alexander, Muronetz Vladimir, Yaroslavov Alexander(2023) Magnetically Controlled Hyaluronic Acid–Maghemite Nanocomposites with Embedded Doxorubicin. Polymers, >>
- Naletova Irina, Schmalhausen Elena, Tomasello Barbara, Pozdyshev Denis, Attanasio Francesco, Muronetz Vladimir(2023) The role of sperm-specific glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the development of pathologies—from asthenozoospermia to carcinogenesis. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, >>
- Spiridonov Vasily V., Lukmanova Alina R., Pozdyshev Denis V., Markova Alina A., Volodina Yuliya L., Golovina Galina V., Shakhmatov Vladimir V., Kuzmin Vladimir A., Muronetz Vladimir I., Yaroslavov Alexander A.(2023) Ionically cross-linked micro-sized hydrogels with encapsulated drug: Structure, cell uptake kinetics and cytotoxicity. Mendeleev Communications, >>
- Поздышев Д.В., Комбарова Н.А., Муронец В.И.(2023) ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ СПЕРМАТОЗОИДОВ, НЕСУЩИХ X- ИЛИ Y-ХРОМОСОМУ, ДЛЯ ИХ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ НА КЛЕТКИ ОДНОГО ТИПА. Биохимия, >>
- Pozdyshev Denis V., Kombarova Nina A., Muronetz Vladimir I.(2023) Biochemical Features of X or Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa for Sperm Sexing. Biochemistry (Moscow), >>
- Kapitonova Anna A., Muronetz Vladimir I., Pozdyshev Denis V.(2023) Sorted Bulls’ X-Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa Show Increased GAPDHS Activity Correlating with Motility. Genes, >>
- Yaroslavov Alexander A., Efimova Anna A., Abramova Tatiana A., Pozdyshev Denis V., Muronetz Vladimir I.(2023) Multi-compartment containers from a mixture of natural and synthetic lipids. Mendeleev Communications, >>
- Solovjeva O.N.(2023) A New Complex of the Ribozyme with Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase Activity and the Enzyme Hexokinase in Baker’s Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, >>
- Соловьева О.Н.(2023) Новый комплекс рибозима с глюкозо-6-фосфатизомеразной активностью и фермента гексокиназы в пекарских дрожжах Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Биоорганическая химия, >>
- Solovjeva Olga N.(2023) New Role of Water in Transketolase Catalysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, >>
- Medvedeva Maria, Kitsilovskaya Natalia, Stroylova Yulia, Sevostyanova Irina, Saboury Ali Akbar, Muronetz Vladimir(2022) Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives from Coffee Extracts Prevent Amyloid Transformation of Alpha-Synuclein. BIOMEDICINES, >>
- Pozdyshev Denis V., Zharikova Anastasia A., Medvedeva Maria V., Muronetz Vladimir I.(2022) Differential Analysis of A-to-I mRNA Edited Sites in Parkinson’s Disease. Genes, >>
- МУРОНЕЦ В.И., ПОЗДЫШЕВ Д.В., МЕДВЕДЕВА М.В., СЕВОСТЬЯНОВА И.А.(2022) ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНОЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ ПОСТТРАНСКРИПЦИОННЫХ ЗАМЕН ТИРОЗИНОВЫХ ОСТАТКОВ НА ЦИСТЕИНОВЫЕ НА ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЮ АМИЛОИДОГЕННЫХ БЕЛКОВ. Biochemistry (Moscow), >>
- Schmalhausen E.V., Medvedeva M.V., Serebryakova M.V., Chagovets V.V., Muronetz V.I.(2022) Products of S-nitrosylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: Relation between S-nitrosylation and oxidation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, >>
- Leisi Evgeniia V., Barinova Kseniya V., Kudryavtseva Sofia S., Moiseenko Andrey V., Muronetz Vladimir I., Kurochkina Lidia P.(2022) Effect of bacteriophage-encoded chaperonins on amyloid transformation of alpha-synuclein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, >>
- Muronetz Vladimir I., Kudryavtseva Sofia S., Leisi Evgeniia V., Kurochkina Lidia P., Barinova Kseniya V., Schmalhausen Elena V.(2022) Regulation by Different Types of Chaperones of Amyloid Transformation of Proteins Involved in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, >>
- Pichkur Evgeny, Fedorov Nikita, Kudryavtseva Sofia, Yaroshevich Igor, Sokolova Olga, Muronetz Vladimir, Stanishneva-Konovalova Tatiana(2022) Complex of Chaperonin GroEL–alpha-synuclein Resolved by Cryo-EM. Microscopy and Microanalysis, >>
- Sokolova Olga S., Pichkur Evgeny B., Maslova Ekaterina S., Kurochkina Lidia P., Semenyuk Pavel I., Konarev Petr V., Samygina Valeriya R., Stanishneva-Konovalova Tatiana B.(2022) Local Flexibility of a New Single-Ring Chaperonin Encoded by Bacteriophage AR9 Bacillus subtilis. BIOMEDICINES, >>
- Курочкина Л.П., Семенюк П.И., Соколова О.С.(2022) СТРУКТУРНЫЕ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВИРУСНЫХ ШАПЕРОНИНОВ. Биохимия, >>
- Kurochkina Lidia P., Semenyuk Pavel I., Sokolova Olga S.(2022) Structural and Functional Features of Viral Chaperonins. Biochemistry (Moscow), >>
- Muronetz Vladimir I., Pozdyshev Denis V., Semenyuk Pavel I.(2022) Polyelectrolytes for Enzyme Immobilization and the Regulation of Their Properties. Polymers, >>
- Урусов Ф.А., Глазкова Д.В., Цыганова Г.М., Поздышев Д.В., Богословская Е.В., Шипулин Г.А.(2022) НИЗКИЙ ТИТР ЛЕНТИВИРУСНОГО ВЕКТОРА, СОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ГЕН TRIM5α-HRH, ОБУСЛОВЛЕН ЭКСПРЕССИЕЙ TRIM5α-HRH В КЛЕТКАХ-ПРОДУЦЕНТАХ И ВЛИЯНИЕМ ПРОМОТОРА Ef1α. Молекулярная биология, >>
- Solovjeva O.N.(2022) Regulation of enzymes with identical subunits on the example of transketolase. Open journal of analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, >>
- Zanyatkin Ivan A., Stroylova Yulia Yu, Melnikova Aleksandra K., Moosavi-Movahedi Ali Akbar, Saboury Ali Akbar, Haertle Thomas, Muronetz Vladimir I.(2021) Unusual spiral structures formed by glycated β-casein in the presence of thioflavin T: amyloid transformation?. Mendeleev Communications, >>
- Muronetz V.I., Medvedeva M.V., Sevostyanova I.A., Schmalhausen E.V.(2021) Modification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with nitric oxide: role in signal transduction and development of apoptosis. Biomolecules, >>
- Mamchur Aleksandra A., Moiseenko Andrei V., Panina Irina S., Yaroshevich Igor A., Kudryavtseva Sofia S., Pichkur Evgeny B., Sokolova Olga S., Muronetz Vladimir I., Stanishneva-Konovalova Tatiana B.(2021) Structural and Computational Study of the GroEL–Prion Protein Complex. BIOMEDICINES, >>
- Kudryavtseva Sofia S., Pichkur Evgeny B., Yaroshevich Igor A., Mamchur Aleksandra A., Panina Irina S., Moiseenko Andrei V., Sokolova Olga S., Muronetz Vladimir I., Stanishneva-Konovalova Tatiana B.(2021) Novel cryo-EM structure of an ADP-bound GroEL–GroES complex. Scientific reports, >>
- Panina I.S., Mamchur A.A., Yaroshevich I.A., Zlenko D.V., Pichkur E.B., Kudryavtseva S.S., Muronetz V.I., Sokolova O.S., Stanishneva-Konovalova T.B.(2021) Study of GroEL Conformational Mobility by Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics. Crystallography Reports, >>
- Kudryavtseva S., Pichkur E., Yaroshevich I., Muronetz V., Sokolova O., Stanishneva-Konovalova T.(2021) Nucleotide-bound conformations of theGroEL-GroES1 complex resolved by cryo-EM. FEBS open bio, >>
- Pichkur Evgeny, Kudryavtseva Sofia, Yaroshevich Igor, Muronetz Vladimir, Sokolova Olga, Stanishneva-Konovalova Tatiana(2021) Cryo-EM structure of the bullet-shaped GroEL-GroES complex at 3.6 Å resolution. Microscopy and Microanalysis, >>
- Mamchur A., Panina I., Yarosheich I., Kudryavtseva S., Stanishneva-Konovalova T.(2021) Interdomain interactions of the full-length prion protein studied by molecular dynamics simulations. FEBS open bio, >>
- Панина И.С., Мамчур А.А., Ярошевич И.А., Зленко Д.В., Пичкур Е.Б., Кудрявцева С.С., Муронец В.И., Соколова О.С., Станишнева-Коновалова Т.Б.(2021) Изучение конформационной подвижности GroEL методами криоэлектронной микроскопии и молекулярной динамики. Кристаллография, >>
- Semenyuk Pavel I., Kurochkina Lidia P., Mäkinen Lauri, Muronetz Vladimir I., Hietala Sami(2021) Thermocontrolled Reversible Enzyme Complexation-Inactivation-Protection by Poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide). Polymers, >>
- Maslova Ekaterina, Pichkur Evgeny, Semenyuk Pavel, Kurochkina Lidia, Sokolova Olga(2021) Structure of the Bacteriophage AR9 Bacillus Subtilis Chaperonin According to Cryo-Electron Microscopy. International Journal of Biomedicine, >>
- Pichkur E.B., Mikirtumov V.I., Tikhonova O.V., Derkacheva N.I., Kurochkina L.P., Sokolova O.S.(2021) Determination of the Near-Atomic Structure of Non-Purified Oligomeric E. coli Proteins. Crystallography Reports, >>
- Пичкур Е.Б., Микиртумов В.И., Тихонова О.В., Деркачева Н.И., Курочкина Л.П., Соколова О.С.(2021) Определение околоатомной структуры олигомерных белков E. coli без предварительной очистки. Кристаллография, >>
- Sofronova Alina A., Pozdyshev Denis V., Barinova Kseniya V., Muronetz Vladimir I., Semenyuk Pavel I.(2021) Glycation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibits the binding with α-synuclein and RNA. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, >>
- Solovjeva Olga N.(2021) The mechanism of a one-substrate transketolase reaction. Part II. Analytical Biochemistry, >>